On kidsdata.org, indicators of physical fitness include the percentage of public school students in grades 5, 7, and 9 scoring in the "Healthy Fitness Zone" on all six areas (upper body strength, flexibility, aerobic capacity, body composition, abdominal strength, and trunk strength) of California's physical fitness test, the FitnessGram assessment. These data are available by grade level, gender, and race/ethnicity.

School staff reports on the extent to which their school provides opportunities for physical education and activity and the share of students at school who are healthy and physically fit also are provided.

Regular physical activity promotes health and well being. Consistent exercise is associated with improvements in muscle development, bone strength, weight control, mental health, and academic performance in young people (1). Compared with those who are physically inactive, children who exercise regularly are less likely to develop risk factors for chronic diseases such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes and are more likely to carry active lifestyles into adulthood (1, 2).

Health experts recommend that children and adolescents ages 6-17 participate in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for a minimum of 60 minutes each day (1, 2). Exercise should include aerobic activity (e.g., running or bicycling), muscle strengthening (e.g., push-ups), and bone strengthening (e.g., jumping rope), each at least 3 days per week (1). However, according to 2016 estimates, fewer than one in four young people nationwide get this recommended amount of physical activity (1, 2). Further, inequities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status persist, with children of color less likely to meet recommended levels of physical fitness and low-income communities offering fewer opportunities for children to be physically active (2, 3).

In 2018, around one in four (24%) California 5th graders met state standards in all physical fitness areas, a figure that has remained relatively stable since 2011. During the same period, higher percentages of students in Grade 7 (more than 30%) and Grade 9 (more than 34%) met all standards. Girls were more likely than boys to meet fitness standards in Grade 5, but by Grade 9 a higher percentage of boys met all standards. Across grade levels, Asian American, Filipino, white, and multiracial students were more likely to meet fitness standards than their peers in other groups.

At the local level, there is wide variation in the percentage of students meeting fitness standards. For 5th graders in 2018, across locations with data, figures ranged from 7% to 44% at the county level and from 5% to 82% among school districts.

In 2015-2017, 13% of responses from elementary public school staff in California reported that nearly all students at their school were healthy and physically fit; this compares to 10% of responses from middle school staff, and 7% from high school and non-traditional program staff. When asked about opportunities for physical education and activity available at their school, 76% of responses by middle school staff indicated that these were provided a lot, followed by 68% of responses from elementary school staff, 60% of responses from high school staff, and 40% of responses from staff at non-traditional programs.

Physical activity is linked to positive health and academic outcomes, and it contributes to helping young people achieve and maintain a healthy weight (1). Most youth, statewide and nationally, do not meet recommended standards for physical activity or fitness (2, 3). While California has been a leader in advancing policies to promote physical fitness and combat childhood obesity, the state continues to face large disparities in fitness levels and obesity rates by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity (3, 4).

Local, state, and federal policymakers can promote children's physical fitness by preserving and effectively implementing existing policies and by making additional investments and policy changes in early childhood settings, schools, and communities. For example, California has set physical education requirements for schools but not all schools meet them (5, 6). Low-income, Hispanic/Latino, and African American/black students are more likely to attend schools that are not compliant with physical education mandates than white and higher-income students (5, 6). Improving youth fitness also requires equitable access to safe places to play and built environments that encourage physical activity, both in schools and communities (7, 8).

Policy options that could improve children's physical activity include:

• Ensuring adequate funding, support, and compliance monitoring systems so that all schools meet or exceed state physical education (PE) requirements; also, encouraging schools to adopt comprehensive physical activity programs that include evidence-based PE with qualified teachers, daily physical activity during school beyond PE classes, and physical activity before and after school, with involvement from staff, families, and the community (6, 7, 8)
• Continuing to promote walk to school and Safe Routes to School programs, to increase the number of children walking or biking to school (7, 9)
• Encouraging schools to make recreational facilities available for use outside of school hours, especially in neighborhoods that lack such facilities; state and federal policies support joint-use agreements between schools and community organizations for this purpose (7, 9)
• Strengthening and ensuring implementation of policies to promote physical activity in after-school and early childhood settings, including staff training on existing guidelines, and supporting development of evidence-based physical activity programs in these settings; also increasing the accessibility and affordability of such programs in low-income neighborhoods (7, 8, 10)
• Promoting collaboration across sectors to address structural barriers that limit opportunities for physical activity, especially in low-income areas and communities of color; for example, incorporating health priorities into transportation and community planning to create safe built environments that encourage walking/biking and provide access to parks, recreation centers, or other places for play and physical activity (7, 8, 9)
• Supporting comprehensive public health initiatives that utilize best practices to promote physical activity and include effective planning, leadership, evaluation, research, and advocacy (8)