On kidsdata.org, reading proficiency is measured by the percentage of 3rd graders in public schools who score proficient or higher on the English Language Arts California Standards Test (CST). These data are available by English fluency, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

In order to score proficient on the CST, a student must demonstrate a competent and adequate understanding of the knowledge and skills measured by this assessment, at this grade, in this content area; scoring advanced requires a comprehensive and complex understanding.

Third grade reading scores are highly correlated with later academic success; some research indicates that reading proficiency at the end of third grade is predictive of whether or not a student will graduate from high school. By the end of third grade, children should show evidence of reading comprehension and be able to read unfamiliar words by employing various strategies, such as roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Early intervention is critical for children who are struggling with reading. Third grade marks the transition from instruction in reading to relying on students' reading skills to teach subject material -- moving from "learning to read" to "reading to learn" (1).

Source for this narrative:

1. Musen, Lindsay. (2010). "Early Reading Proficiency." Annenberg Institute for School Reform, Brown University.  http://www.annenberginstitute.org/pdf/LeadingIndicator_Reading.pdf

Despite broad agreement on the need to boost reading proficiency among California students and to bridge the racial/ethnic achievement gap, there is sharp disagreement on policy reforms to achieve these goals. Research has documented the key domains for reading improvement (e.g. understanding the sounds words make, fluency in reading, vocabulary, etc.), but there is no single set of evidence-based approaches for making improvements in those domains. Quality teaching, however, is one key point of consensus. Teacher quality has been shown to have a significant impact on student achievement (1, 2, 3). As California and other states implement new “Common Core” state standards in English-language arts and math over the next several years, policymakers also will face challenges in authorizing new assessments, curricula, and teacher evaluation systems that align with the standards (4).

According to research and subject experts, policy options that could improve reading proficiency include:

• Improving teacher quality at every grade level (1, 2, 3); recognizing that acquiring reading proficiency by third grade is a key indicator of later school achievement (5)
• Investing in quality preschool for California children, to promote kindergarten readiness and lay the foundation for later achievement (6)
• Choosing carefully before investing in reading interventions, given the developing research base and mixed results of many programs (7); key elements in successful literacy initiatives include ongoing student assessments as well as teacher professional development (8)
• Articulating state, district, and school-level middle school policies emphasizing improving academic outcomes for all students, including tying student outcomes to teacher evaluations; aligning middle school curricula, instructional practices and assessments with state standards; and prioritizing student academic performance when selecting superintendents and principals (9)
• Analyzing district and school-level data on student achievement and progress by racial/ethnic group, especially for children of color, so that data can inform policy (10)
• Encouraging and investing in comprehensive, evidence-based policies to promote family involvement in school, as it is strongly related to children’s academic achievement (11). Family involvement should be integrated as part of the school instructional strategy, and family engagement policies should be evaluated for effectiveness.

For more policy ideas on reading proficiency in California, see the Research & Links section on kidsdata.org or visit the Center on the Future of Teaching and Learning, the Institute of Education Sciences What Works Clearinghouse, Education Trust-West, EdSource, and Preschool California. Also see Policy Implications on kidsdata.org under Math Proficiency, High School Dropouts and Family Income & Poverty.

Sources for this narrative:

1. Darling-Hammond, Linda. (2000). Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: A Review of State Policy Evidence. (Education Policy Analysis Archives). http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/392
2. Rivkin, et al. (2000). Teachers, Schools and Academic Achievement, 
3. Goe, Laura. (2007). The Link Between Teacher Quality and Student Outcomes: A Research Synthesis. (National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality). http://www.tqsource.org/link.php
4. California Department of Education. Common Core State Standards Resources. http://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/cc/
5. Musen, Lindsey. (2010). Early Reading Proficiency. (Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University). http://www.annenberginstitute.org/pdf/LeadingIndicator_Reading.pdf
6. Barnett, et al. (2007). Effects of Five State Prekindergarten Programs on Early Learning. (National Institute for Early Education Research). http://nieer.org/pdf/MultiState1007.pdf
7. US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. (2011). Beginning Reading. http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/reports/Topicarea.aspx?tid=01
8. Alliance for Excellent Education, for the Carnegie Corporation of New York. (2006). Reading Next: A Vision for Action and Research in Middle and High School Literacy. http://www.all4ed.org/files/ReadingNext.pdf
9. EdSource. (2010). Gaining Ground in the Middle Grades: Why Some Schools Do Better. //www.edsource.org/middle-grades-study.html
10. EdSource. (2008). Raising African American Student Achievement: California Goals, Local Outcomes. http://www.edsource.org/pub_AAachievement5-08_report.html
11. Caspe, M., et al. (2007). Family Involvement in Elementary School Children’s Education. Harvard Family Research Project. Retrieved from: http://www.hfrp.org/family-involvement/publications-resources/family-involvement-in-elementary-school-children-s-education

The percentage of 3rd graders scoring proficient or higher in English Language Arts on the California Standards Test (CST) increased between 2003 and 2010 statewide and in the most populous counties. Specifically, in 2010, 44% of California 3rd graders were proficient in English Language Arts, compared to 33% in 2003. Reading proficiency in 3rd grade varies by region, English fluency, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. However, the percentage of California 3rd graders demonstrating reading proficiency rose among English Learners, economically disadvantaged students, and students in all racial/ethnic groups for which data are available between 2005 and 2010.

• Attendance Works: Advancing Student Success By Reducing Chronic Absence
• DataQuest, California Department of Education
• Ed-Data, Education Data Partnership
• EdSource
• Education Trust West
• National Center for Education Statistics
• PolicyforResults.org, Center for the Study of Social Policy
• Preschool California
• Public Policy Institute of California: Education
• Reading Proficiency, Child Trends Databank
• The Center for the Future of Teaching and Learning, WestEd
• What Works Clearinghouse, Institute of Education Sciences

• A Matter of Class: Educational Achievement Reflects Family Background More than Ethnicity or Immigration, 2004, RAND Review, Lara-Cinisomo et al.
• Bringing Off-Track Youth Into the Center of High School Reform, 06/2009, Jobs for the Future
• Early Warning! Why Reading by the End of Third Grade Matters, 05/2010, Annie E. Casey Foundation, KIDS COUNT
• Exploring Family, Neighborhood and School Factors in Racial Achievement Gap, 2010, RAND Corporation, Montoya
• Healthier Students Are Better Learners: A Missing Link in Efforts to Close the Achievement Gap, 2010, Equity Matters: Research Review No. 6. The Campaign for Educational Equity, Basch, C.E.
• Latino Early Literacy Development: Strategies for Lifelong Learning and Success, 2005, National Council of La Raza, Lopez
• Leading Indicator Spotlight: Early Reading Proficiency, 2010, Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, Musen
• Present, Engaged & Accounted For: The Critical Importance of Addressing Chronic Absence in the Early Grades, 2008, National Center for Children in Poverty, Chang & Romero
• Racial Gaps in Early Childhood: Socio-emotional Health, Developmental, and Educational Outcomes Among African-American Boys, 05/2011, National Center for Children in Poverty, Aratani et al.
• Raising African American Student Achievement: California Goals, Local Outcomes, 2008, EdSource
• Reframing Family Involvement in Education: Supporting Families to Support Educational Equity, 2009, Equity Matters: Research Review No. 5. The Campaign for Educational Equity, Weiss et al.
• School Connectedness: Strategies for Increasing Protective Factors Among Youth, 2009, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• Supporting the Literacy Development of Low-Income Children in Afterschool Programs, 2003, Robert Browne Foundation: Afterschool Matters, Halpern
• The Link Between Teacher Quality and Student Outcomes: A Research Synthesis, 2007, National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality, Goe

• 2011 Community Assessment: Health and Quality of Life in San Mateo County, 2011, The Healthy Community Collaborative of San Mateo County
• Determinants of Student Achievement: New Evidence from San Diego, 2003, Public Policy Institute of California, Betts, et al.
• Does Readiness Matter? How Kindergarten Readiness Translates Into Academic Success, 04/2008, Santa Clara County Partnership for School Readiness & Applied Survey Research
• San Diego County Report Card on Children & Families, 2011, The Children's Initiative and Johnson Group Consulting, Inc.
• Santa Barbara County Children's Scorecard, 2010, Santa Barbara County KIDS Network
• Santa Clara County Children’s Agenda: Indicators of Child Health and Well-Being (Data Book), 2012, Kids in Common
• School Readiness and School Achievement: A Longitudinal Analysis of Santa Clara and San Mateo County Students, 12/2010, Santa Clara County Partnership for School Readiness, Silicon Valley Community Foundation, Applied Survey Research
• The 17th Annual Report on the Conditions of Children in Orange County, 2011, Orange County Children's Partnership (OCCP), Center for Community Collaboration, California State University, Fullerton, Orange County Board of Supervisors, Children and Families Commission of Orange County
• Tulare County Children’s Report Card 2010, 2011, Children's Services Network
• What Teacher Characteristics Affect Student Achievement? Findings from Los Angeles Public Schools, 2010, RAND Corporation, Buddin & Zamarro

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